Benzoino o.e.
Vaniglia assoluta o tintura
Sandalo o.e.
Cedro o.e.
Patchouli o.e.
Vetiver o.e.
Il benzoino è un balsamo , ottenuto praticando delle incisioni nella corteccia dell'albero Styrax benzoin , e prodotto principalmente nei paesi asiatici come Indonesia , Giava , Laos , Thailandia e Vietnam.
Vi si distinguono due varietà:
- Benzoino del Siam , dallo Styrax tonkinensis ,che ha un odore molto piacevole dolce-balsamico con una nota vanigliata.
-Benzoino di Sumatra , dallo Styrax benzoin , che ha un odore più forte del precedente , per un maggior contenuto di cinnamati e di styrene.
Entrambi vengono largamente impiegati per profumi e aromi.
Il benzoino si mescola bene con elemi , balsamo di Copaiba , rosa , bergamotto e oli citrici , gelsomino , olibanum , mirra , sandalo , cipresso , oli speziati.
Quindi è molto versatile e ottimo per i profumi " orientali".
E il "legno" più pregiato in tutti i sensi è l'olio di Sandalo, ottenuto per distillazione a vapore , ma anche mediante estrazione con anidride carbonica , dal nucleo duro del legno del sandalo bianco , Santalum album , o sandalo indiano.
Si tratta di un albero sempreverde parassita di radice , cioè trae dalle radici di altre specie l'acqua e i nutrienti inorganici , ed è affine al vischio , Viscum album , che invece parassita i rami degli alberi.
La varietà più pregiata è quella proveniente dal Mysore . Per produrre l'olio essenziale la pianta deve raggiungere l'età minima di 30 anni , e la resa è circa del 5%. Questo spiega i suoi costi elevati e la ridotta disponibilità.
Peccato perché il suo odore è divino , legnoso , caldo , morbido , lievemente balsamico con cenni animali. Rende magnificamente in qualsiasi fragranza , ma soprattutto nelle orientali e nelle floreali.
Alternative meno costose sono gli oli essenziali del sandalo rosso e del sandalo australiano. Spesso i preparati più economici sono miscele di oli di varia provenienza. E' molto più ampia invece la scelta degli analoghi di sintesi : Santanol , Javanol , Sanjinol , Sandalore ....per citarne alcuni.
English version
STARTING PERFUME ORGAN NATURAL MATERIALS: BASE NOTES
And now a quick glimpse to the basic natural ingredients suggested as initial choice for the perfume's organ, materials very important to fix the perfume.
These are:
Benzoin e.o
Vanilla absolute or tincture
Sandalwood e.o
Cedarwood e.o.
Patchouli e.o
Vetiver e.o
Benzoin is a balm, obtained by making incisions in the bark of the tree Styrax benzoin , and mainly produced in Asiatic countries as Indonesia , Java ; Laos , Thailand and Vietnam.
There are two different varieties :
-Benzoin of Siam from Styrax tonkinensis . It has a very pleasant sweet-balsamic odour with a hint of vanilla.
-Benzoin of Sumatra from Styrax benzoin. It has a more strong odour , owing to its high content of cinnamates and styrene.
They are both widely used in perfumes and flavours.
Benzoin blends well with elemi , Copaiba balm , rose , bergamot and citric oils , jasmine , olibanum , myrrh , sandalwood , cypress , spicy oils .
It is very versatile and excellent for "oriental" perfumes.
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Natural vanilla is another milestone in perfumery's art . Its essence is extracted from the fruits , the pods , of an orchid , Vanilla planifolia , native to Mexico.
The most interesting varietes are:
-Bourbon Vanilla , from Réunion , of exceptional quality.
-Tahiti Vanilla , having a warm and delicate aroma , spicy with a plum note , but its production is very limited.
-Tahitensis Vanilla , spicy , warm , with an anise note , produced in Papua New Guinea , that is among the best vanillas in the world.
Natural vanilla exhales a very complex and unique scent , because it is made of multiple components , although the major role is played by the molecule of vanillin , 4-hydroxy-3 methoxybenzaldehyde , an aldehyde , that is also obtained by synthesis . The vanilla seeds contain a variable from 1.5% to 4% percentage.
Essential in the composition of sweet oriental and ambery perfumes , in small amounts it rounds any perfume , but it should not be used to cover scent's structural failures .
Benzoin and vanilla belong to the group of " sweet-balsamic " basic constituens , while sandalwood and cedarwood are "woods" and patchouli and vetiver are " grasses-roots".
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Sandalwood is by long the most valuable wood in perfumery. Its essential oil derives by steam distillation , but also by extraction with carbon dioxide , of the hard and dark core of the wood of white sandalwood , Santalum album , or Indian sandalwood.
This is an evergreen tree , a root parasite , tapping the roots of the other species for water and inorganic nutrients , similar to misletoe , Viscum album , that parasites the trees' branches.
The variety cultivated in the region of Mysore ( India) is the most valuable.
The tree must be 30 years old to produce essential oil , and the yield is about 5%.
This explains its high cost and low availability.
Anyway its odour is divine , woody , warm , soft , lightly balsamic with animal hints. It fits well in any fragrance , but especially in the oriental and floral ones.
Cheaper alternatives are the essential oils of red sandalwood and Australian sandalwood . Often less expensive products are blends of oils from different origins. Instead the choice of synthetic analogues is much wider : Santalol , Javanol , Sanjinol ,Sandalore.....to name a few.
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Another important wood is cedarwood . The true cedar oil is that derived from three species of trees , belonging to the genus Cedrus:
-Cedrus atlantica , growing in the Atlas Mountains in northern Africa.
-Cedrus libani, growing just in Lebanon .
-Cedrus deodara , typical of the Hymalayan region.
It has a warm , wood , soft fragrance , with slightly urinous hints.
But also other trees are called " cedar" , and three species , tht are actually cypresses , are widely used in perfumery:
-Red Cedar , Juniperus virginiana ( Cupressaceae).
-Texas Cedar ,Juniperus mexicana ( Cupressaceae).
-Chinese Cedar , Chamaecyparis funebris ( Cupressaceae).
Red cedar is very used to make pencils , so it has the typical " pencil wood" smell.
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And now something about the unmistakable and unreplaceable patchouli oil , derived from steam distillation or extraction with CO2 of the dried leaves of Pogostemon cablin , a small tropical shrub of the Labiatae family.
It is a reddish-brown viscous oil with a heavy , camphoraceous , rooty-earthy-woody odour . Known since antiquity , it was put between the silk fabrics to protect them from moths , during their transport along Silk Road , but as scent gained high popularity in the 60 's and 70's in the hippie movement.
It is still widely used in perfumery , especially in low concentrations , due to its overwhelming nature . It partecipates to important accords like chypre , fougère and mellis ( I'll talk about them in another post), and exalts the rose .
In higher concentrations lends a connotation " dark , gothic" to the perfume.
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And finally , the mythic Vetiver oil , distilled by steam from the roots of the tropical grass Vetiveria zizanoides , robust grass ,as tall as a man with an extensive and intricate root system, native of the Indian subcontinent , but now cultivated in many tropical and subtropical countries , also because its roots are effective in preventing landfalls.
Vetiver oil is amber coloured , viscous , very tenacious , it has a characteristic green , earthy , herbaceous and balsamic smell with sweet and smoky nuances and a hint of dark chocolate . Sometimes it is regarded as a green or woody note although it is an earthy root.
It is widely used in perfumes , especially in floral compositions , where its woody characteristics bring out the flowers , in the " chypre" , in the "oriental" ones for its interesting chocolate-balsamic facets , in the " incenses" and in the citric colonies to lend a woody contrast.